Leitung thei huai thu tuamtuam

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Roman Catholic Pawlpi leh Protestant Pawlpite zat Lai Siangthote a kilamdanna bang ahi hiam?Roman Catholic pawlpi in tuni donga a zat Lai Siangtho pen latin vulgate(Vulgate latina)ki ci hi.mangkama kitei pen Douay Bible kici a,France gam Douay khua ah Gregory martin in 1609-1610 in thuciam lui na teikhia ahih manin tua khua min a kitamsak pah ahi hi.Thuciam Thak leuleu bel 1582 kumin Rheims a English college in a teikhiat ahi hi.Latin Vulgate tawh kisai in.Pope Damasus 1 in Lai Siangtho. buppi latin kama tei dingin Biblical Scholar Jerome (AD 347-420.Century)na. sawla. Jerome in Hebrew leh Greek kampaute panin tua hun lai a mipi zattaang latin kampau (common or vulgate language of the early medieval times) a ateikhiat ahih man in editio vulgate kici hi.AD 382 kumin kipana latin kama kiteisa Thuciam Thak pawlkhat enpha in AD 390 ciangin Thuciam Lui tei kipan hi.AD 405 kumin zosiang hi kici hi.Catholic pawpiin Reformation langpanna a a sap Council of Trent (the counter Reformation council of Trent)(1545-1563)pawlpi Lai Siangtho (official latin Bible) ci in kipsak hi.AD kum zalom 16 hun lai a pawlpi kiphuahphatna Reformation hun ma deuh AD kum zalom 14 khawnga kipan in Europe gamte ah “Renaissance”kici tanglai. Greek leh Roman art leh pilnate (the classical art and intellect of Ancient Greek and. Rome) kan kikna khanlawhna lianpi khat hong om hi. Lorenzo de medici,petrarch,Filippo brunelleschi,michel de montaigne,Rephael,Galileo Galiler,michelongelo,Nicololaus copernicus Leonardo da vinci, William Shakespeare a kipan mi minthang tampi hong khangkhia uh hi.A thu bulphuh (Slogan) uh latin kamin ad fontes hi a.”back to the original soure” cihna ahi hi.Ei kamin.” a bul ah.a nak ah ciah kik ni”cih dinghi mai ding hi.Tanglai a laite leh art (limsuaih.lim tuamtuam bawlna.cihte) tua hun laitaka kizang latin kampau hi lo in Greek. te hun lai a laite Greek kam mah a sim pah ding cih hamciamna ahi hi.Hunmanist minthang khat ahi.Desiderus Erasmus Roterodamus(1469-1536)zong kihel kha a.1516 kumin Greek kamin Thuciam Thakna khenkhia in hawmkhia hi.tua banga a sep kawmkawmin Jerome in Lai Siangtho a teina ah khialna lian pawlkhat na nei hi cih na kawlkhia a tua hun laitaka Roman Catholic pawlpi makaite muam het lo in.Reformation makaite bel lungdam lel uh hi.Tuate a tom in.(1)Ephesians 5:31-32 a teina ah.Greek kammal mysterion pen “sacrament”(lat.sacramentum)ci inna tei mawk hi tua kammal khiatna taktak.mundang khempeuh ah “mystery”(thuthuak/thusim)cih hi lel hi.nupa kitenna peuhmah “sacrament “hi ci in Ephesions 5:31-32 in gen het lo napi in Jerome in tua bangba a tei mawkna hangin Roman Catholic medieval theologion-te in “Siangtho kitelna pen sacrament khat hi”ci in pawlpi zat sacrament sagihte lakah hel uh hi.Lai Siangtho in tua banga a hilh het lohna humanist khat ahi lel Erasmaus in na khawkkhia hi.(2)Matthew 4:17 ah Topa Zeisu in nasep a kipat ciang a tangko masak kammal.”kisikkik un,Vantung gam hong nai zo hi” a cihbpen zong Jerame in.”kisikkik un” ci in na tei loa.mawhsuutna bawl un” (do penance)ci in tei mawk hi.Erasmus in hih zong na kawlkhia lian a. “di penance” cih ding hi lo in “repent”cih ding hi. cih na gen khia hi.latin kamin,poenitentiam agite ci-a kitei pen a pualam mawhsuutna hi a.a sunglam kikhelna ahi kisikkikna taktak bun zo lo hi. ci hi.latin kamin resipiscite ci-a tei ding a hi zaw hi.ci in na gen hi.Greek ah metanoieite ahi hi” A puatham-a zatna”(outward practice) a hi.mawhsuutna.(the sacrament of penance)hi lo-in “a sunglam a lungsim omzia tawh kisai ” (being repentant) hi zww hi.cih na kawkkhia lian hi. tua bang in Roman Catholic pawlpi in a thupisak mahmah mawhsuutna ah a bulphuh uh Lai Siangtho pen bulphuh thei ding in om lo mawk hi.Roman Catholic pawlpi sunga a zat uh Lai Siangtho leh Protestant pawlpite zat Lai Siangtho ki bang lian lo hi.RC pawlpi in Lai Siangtho sunga bu 66 ban ah Apocrypha a kici laibute a tunga i gen council of Trent ah Lai Siangtho in kipsak uh hi Apocrypha in “kiselsim”(hidden or concealed)cih khiatnabneia, Roman Catholic pawlpi in Lai Siangtho -a a san Apocrypha bute a nuai -a bangin kimu thei hi.(1) 1Esdras(100 BC pawl)(2) 2Esdras(100 BC -AD 250 pawl)(3)Tobit(150 BC pawl)(4)Judith(150 BC AD 100 pawl)(5)The Addition to the Book of Esther(a neu 107 om in Esther 10:4-16:24 kisuaksak)(50 BC pawl)(6)The wisdom (of salamon)(50 BC pawl)(7)Ecclesiansticus.or the wisdom of Jesus the son of sirach(180 BC pawl)(8)Baruch (The letter of Jerermiah kihel)(150-60 BC pawl)(9)The story of susanna (Daniel bu sungah kibehlap -in Daniel 13 kisuaksak)(150-50 BC pawl)(10)The prayer of Azariah and the song of the three young men (Daniel bu sung mah ah kibehlap-in Daniel 3:24-90 kisuaksak)(150-50 BC pawl)(11)Bel and Dragon (Daniel bu sung mah ah kibehlap-in Daniel 14 kisuaksak)(150-50 BCpawl)(12)The prayer of manasseh(175-25 BC pawl)(13)1 maccabees(140 BC pawl)(14)2 maccabees (100 BC. pawl)te ahi hi.A sawm leh nihna (12)”The prayer of mannasseh” bel Roman Catholic pawlpi in council of Trent ah Lai Siangtho sunga hel dingin sang lo ci hi.hihte ban ah 3 Esdras leh 4 Esdras zong om lai a council. of Trent ah a kisang lote ahi hi.Eastern orthodox pawlpite in zong hih laibute mah Lai Siangtho sunga kihel bangin sang uh hi.Protestant pawlpite in piancilna panin malachi dong bu 39 a pha Thuciam Lui leh Matthew panin kilaakna dong bu 27 a pha Thuciam Thak a kigawmin bu 66 lian a phabLai Siangtho bek mah Lai Siangtho -in sang bek uh hi.Bang hangin Protestan pawlpite in Apocrypha bute Lai Siangtho in sang lo uh ahi hiam?Tangthu leh gamthu (history and geography) tawh kisai khialhna tam lua a. hun tawh kisai. a gennate a kituak lo (anachronism)tam lua mahmah sawnsawn hi tua ban ah Pasian humuap Lai Siangtho tawh a ki tuak lo upna (doctrine)tampibkihel hi.a kigelh zia mahmah zong Lai Siangtho bu taktak tawh a kibang lo tam lua hi.Lai Siangtho kammal ahihna a kilangsak thute Apocrypha bute ah kimu lo hi.Pawlpi tangthu i et ciangin Jewish philosapher philo(20 BC -AD 50)in lai tampi gelh in Lai Siangtho mun tampi a lakkik (Quote)hangin Apocrypha bute khat beek a zat lam kimu lo a.Jewish historian to Sephus (AD 37-100)in zong khat vei beek zang lo bek lo inLai Siangtho. in na sim vet lo hi. Zeisu khazih leh a nungzuipite in zong a thugennate uh leh a laigelhnate uh ah Lai Siangtho bekbek bulphuh den uh hi napi in Apocrypha bute khat vei mahmah zong na gen kha ngei vet lo uh hi.Jew te Lai Siangtho bang buteng hiam cih a kikipsak phatna Jamnia (AD90)ah zong Apocrypha bute na kipsak vet lo uh hi.Christian pawlpi masate zat Lai Siangtho bute ah Apocrypha bute khat vei zong kihel ngei lo a,pawlpi pate,gentehna in origen, Jerusalem khua a Cyril,A thanasius,cihte in Apocrypha bute nakpi in na langpan zaw uh hi.AD kum zalom 16 hun lai a pawlpi kipuahphatna (Reformation of the Church) hun ciang dong Roman Catholic Scholar te in hih Apocrypha bute peuhmah. Lai Siangtho in sang vet lo uh hi.Martin luther leh Reformer khempeuh in zong sang lo uh hi.AD 1546 kuma Reformation langpanna a kisam council of Trent (the counter Reformation council of Trent)ah Roman Catholic pawlpi in Lai Siangtho a sanna(canonical status)a neih uh hi bek hi.hih thu hang mahin RC pawlpi sunga upna pawlkhat Lai Siangtho tawh kituak thei peuhmah lo in a leh a mak suak hi.Protestant pawlpite zat Lai Siangtho te peuhmah Hebrew leh Greek pana kitheite hi hamtanga,Mangkam in KJV, NKJV, RSV, NIV, NASB, ESV cih bangin tampi a om mahbangin leitung a kampau tuamtuam zong kitei hi.(Dr.A.Judson in kawlai a Lai Siangtho a tei lai in zong original kampaute ahi Hebrew leh Greek -te pana a tei ahi hi.

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FRENCH REVOLUTION TANGTHU

Revolution cih pen gam uk kumpi hoihlo te mipi in hemkhia a, mipi deih kumpi a pianna ding a mipi nasepna  ahi hi. French revolution hun pen May 5, 1789 – Nov 9, 1799 sung hi a, kum 10 val sawt hi.

French Revolution pen kumpi hoihlo te hepkhiatna revolution ah a khauhpai pen leh a nasia pen in kigen hi. France revolution na ah a lamdang mahmah khat om a, kumpi sem te leh a deihlo revolution mipi sungah France gam a hoih sak taktak ding mi omlo a, Italy mi Nopoleon in kumpi a sem ciangin France gam hoihzo pan mawk hi.

Tua hun lai in France gamah mi 20 million khawng om a, kumpi nasem pen 2% bek ahi hi. France gam leitang hoih mahmah hi na pi in nek leh dawn ding nangawn mipi lungkham mahmah uh a, a sepkhiat sunsun uh a, tax in kumpi lak sak mang pahpah hi. Kumpi te leh u lian te in mipi zahtakna khat zong neilo uh a, mi tawmcik te khut sungah France gam bup om hi.

France te kumpi masa pen Charles II the Bald hi a, 843 kum August khat pan hi a, 6 October 877 dong sem hi. Charles the Bald pan Louis XV sep ciang kum 900 val sung kumpi 44 in France gam uk a, gam nuam mahmah ahi hi.

France kumpi Louis XV (1715-1774) in nungak mhoih a sak mahmah Madame du Barry pen Paris khuapi a kham khi bawl a siam mahmah; Boehmer leh Bassenge te France sum Livre 2,000,000 man khamkhi (festoons, pendants, tassels etc) bawl sak ta zen hi. Khamkhi a bawl sak laitak in France kumpi Louis XV pen sunphuk natna (smallpox) tawh si citciat hi. Hi bangin France kumpipa noptat mahmah hi.

Louis XVI in France kumpi a sep ciangin ulian te nangawn in thu kinei sak mahmah uh a, Pasian nuai deuhah a om bangin kingaihsun liang uh hi. Mipi te haibawl in bangmah in mulo uh a, mipi tel MP te vaihawmna parliament phiat uh a, thuneihna khempeuh buluak uh hi. Mipi te in kumpi te tungah lungkimlohna leh haksatna gentheihna hun khat zong nei theilo uh hi.

France kumpi te leh ulian te a vekun sum neksim leh gitloh thuah uh a, a vek un kibang khin uh hi. France gam mipi 20 million hi a, kumpi nasem 2% mi tawmnocik te vaihawmna sungah 98% mipi te gentheih mahmah uh hi.

Gamla pi ah galdo in kuan uh a, America te kum 7 (1754–1763) sung vasim uh a, va lel dipdep zaw lai uh a, 10 February 1763 in “treaty of Paris” cih kilemna bawl uh a, khawl thei bilbel uh hi. Apr 19, 1775 – Sep 3, 1783, kum 8 sungah American Revolution War cih om a, tua sungin USA in British te kiang panin July 4, 1776 in Independent ngah hi. America in independent deih in a buaina ah zong va kihel kik a, September 3, 1783 in Treaty of Paris cih kilemna agreement gelh leuleu uh hi. Tua bangin America ah kum 16 sung bang galdo in vakuan uh hi. Ahihangin a gam mite in gentheihna nakpi in thuak uh hi. 1778–1783, kum 5 sung Britain te tawh va kido uh (Anglo-French War) lai uh uhi.

France gam a leitang hoih mahmah in nek leh dawn nuam a sa mahmah gam hi mah leh kumpi te siah khawn sang mahmah a, a siahkhawn te uh gambup sumin zanglo in amau sum bangin ulian te in zang in kilian sak mahmah uh hi. Gamdang ah galdo in kuan uh a, gam dang sum tampi ba uh ahih manin lokho mite sepsa teng laksak uh a, mipi lam pan thugen om lehlah manin nakpi takin gawt uh hi.

1760 kum akipanin Europe gam tuamtuam set tawh nasepna a hi; Industrial Revolution  cih khanlawhna nasia takin om a, gamdang te khangto mahmah uh a, France kumpi te gitlohna hangin gam sung buai na nasia mahmah hi.

Industrial Revolution in Europe gam tuam in khantohna bekbek kigen in na a sep ziahziah ciangin mipil leh misiam mahmah; Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau leh laigelh siam mi tuamtuam te in thu hoih tuamtuam gelh ziahziah uh a, mipi lungsim zo mahmah uh hi. Mipi te in leitang hoih mahmah France gam uk kumpi te hoihloh manin a zawng hihang, gam leh minam itna lungtang phulkhia, so khia a, mipi kipumkhat in  revolution kipan khia uh hi.

Pawlpi sungah sum tam mahmah napi in Pawlpi sia te makaite zong guta suak mangkhin uh a, mipi te cimawh haksatna te enkik lo a, biakna makaite zong mipi mukhial ta uh hi.

A tung thute banah thu tuamtuam hangin French mipi te lungkim lote heh mahmah uh a, 1789 kumin mipi in kumpi te nawk ding kipan ta uh hi. Tua ciangin  January 24, 1789 in France kumpi Louis XVI in kum 175 sung a zat nawnloh, a phiatsa uh mipi vaihawmna dinpha kik hi.

May 5, 1789 in Paris khuapi Versailles Palace ah National Assembly sam a, gam sung kimakaih vai leh sum vai a kikup uh leh parliament member (MP) te tawh nakpi takin thu kinial uh a, kumpi te in zolo ahih manin France kumpi Louis XVI in National Assembly khak leuleu hi.

June 20,1789-ah Paris khuapi Tennis Court-ah mipi lungkimlo te paikhawm ziahziah uh a, gam bawl phat na ding thuciamna nei uh hi. Tua ciangin leitung revolution khempeuh lakah a nasia pen French revolution kipan taktak ta hi.

July 11, 1789 in Marie Antoinette leh Comte d’Artois te in puahphat (reform) kik ding va ngen uh a, July 12, 1789 in France kumpi Louis XVI in Assembly khakcip sak hi. Swiss guard te cing sak a, khua sungah French Guards Regiment te tampi duty sak pah hi.

July 14, 1789 in the Hôtel de Ville committee thukimna tawh mipi in Bastille a kici thonginnpi luh uh a, Bastille’s governor,  Bernard-René de Launay that uh hi. Basttille thongkia mi khempeuh khahkhia uh hi. Basttille pen 1370–1380 kum in France kumpipa Charles V in a lam ahi hi.

French revolution mipi in gam leh minam a it te a khumcipna Bastille kulh alak ni July 14, 1789 pen France Independent day in tuni dongin zang uh hi.

Mipi in Bastille thonginnpi luh in galkap tampi leh ulian tampi in revolution a panpih uh hangin a lungtang khauhsau sak veve a, August 4, 1789 in Kumpi te in Federal right bei sak leuleu hi 

August 26, 1789 in general Marquis de Lafayette makai in Revolution mipi te in  France’s National Constituent Assembly neih ding vai pulakna nei uh hi.

October 5, 1789 in France kumpipa Louis te tenna mai ah  vanzuak numei (market women) 7000 te in lungphona (demostration) nei uh a, ni taklam nai 6:00 dong lungphona nei uh hi. October 6, 1789 zingsang nai 6:00 a kipanin market women te lungphona kipan kik uh a, revolution mitampi kikaikhawm uh a, kumpipa tenna leh kumpinu tenna te zong luhmang uh hi.

Tua ciangin France kumpi Louis XVI in National Guard commander dingin  Lafayette koih a, The Paris Commune cih kimakaihna khat July 17, 1789 in bawl a, division 60 pan in delegate 144 seh hi. Paris majoy dingin Jean Sylvain Bailly seh hi.

Louis XVI in kumpi ahihna khawlsan nuamlo in mipi in deihnawn vetlo ahih manin France revolution khauh pai semsem a, May 19, 1790 in Louis XV in National Assembly khak leuleu hi. 1790 kum a kipanin kumpi nih nei in om ta uh hi.

Revolution mipi in kumpi ulian te leh biakna nasemte nawk in sum leh van tampi laksak uh hi. French revolution vai ah a pau ngeilo Vatican a om Pope Pius VI in revolution te gamtatna khengval sa ta ahih manin March 10, 1791 in France revolution makaite bawl thukhunte hoih asaklohna pulak a, France Pawlpi khen nih kisuah pah hi.

June 14, 1791 in  Le Chapelier Law thak khat bawl uh hi. France kumpi deihlo revolution te thahat semsem uh a, France nisuahna saklam  Grand Est a Varennes apartment ah kumpipa Louis & queen Marie Antoinette flee te koih uh hi. Revulotion mipi in June 20-21,1791 sung  kumpi te omna umcih uh hi. June 21, 1791 nitak in galkap 10000 te in Varennes pan paikhiat pih uh a, Paris ah paipih uh hi.

August 27, 1791 in Declaration of Pillnitz a kici France kumpi Louis XVI  support na;  Prussia kumpi Frederick William II leh Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II te in France gam Dresden gei a, Pillnitz mun ah pulakna nei uh hi.

September 3, 1791 in mi 12 te in a gelh uh French Constitution of 1791 pen France kumpi Louis XVI khut ah pia hi. September 30, 1791 in Assembly ah kikum ding a cih pen kumpi Louis XVI in nidang ciang kikum kik ni, ci in paulap zongin khin to hi.

1791 kum December kha in Louis XVI in France galkap sung nakpi takin bawl pha a, Autria leh Prusia te in huh uh hi. Revolution lamte zong thahat semsem uh a, April 20, 1792 in France kumpi a huh; Austria te do dingin revolution te in pulak khia uh hi. France gam sung a om Austria te do uh a, French Revolutionary Wars kipan ta hi.

April 25, 1792 in revolution te in guillotine a kici ngawntanna zat kipan uh a, a tan masak uh pen Nicolas Jacques Pelletier hi a, Paris city hall ah tan uh hi.

June 13, 1792 in Revolution te in France kumpi a huh Prussia kumpi do dingin pulak uh a, Prusia gamgi dongin Prusia mite do uh hi.

August 1, 1792 in Allies Army a kici France, Austria leh Prusia te commander te in a bawl uh French kumpi innkuan kepbitna ding  “The Brunswick Manifesto” pen French National Assembly ah kipsak uh a, mipi theih dingin tangko khia pah uh hi. Tua manifesto a bawlna uh pen July 25, 1792 in France khuapi Paris ah mipi te kithutuak in “the War of the First Coalition”, a bawlna uh hang ahi hi.

August 9, 1792 in revulotion mipi te kikaikhawm in Paris Commune cih khat phutkhia uh hi.

August 10, 1792 in revolution bawl mipi galkap tampi takin kumpi te omna Tuileries palace luh uh a, Swiss guard te tawh kikap uh a, Swiss guard te tampi si uh hi. Sun 11:00 in mipi te in Louis XVI pen France kumpi hihna pan khawl sak ta uh hi. Louis XVI’s power bei ta hi.

August 21, 1792 in Paris city hall panin Place du Carrousel ah ngawntanna “guillotine” tuah uh hi.

France kumpi thak ding kitelna

September 2-10 kikal sungin kitelna nei uh a, 20 September 1792 in French First Republic National Convention, Salle du Manège, Paris ah nei uh hi.

Januaru 21, 1793 in France kumpi thak te in kumpi lui Louis XVI (kum 38) thusitna nei uh a, guillotine tawh Place de la Révolution,  Paris, France ah a ngawntan uh hi. Louis XVI in 10 May 1774 – 21 September 1792, kum 18 sung France kumpi sem hi.

February 1, 1793 in France kumpi a huh Britain galkapte leh Netherland galkapte do dingin revolution mipi te in tangko uh hi.

First Coalition war cih pen Frwnch revolutuon mipi in French kimpi te a do kipat uh; 20 April 1792 ni a kipan pen ahi hi. Revolution bawl mipi in France kumpi galdo kipan uh a, Austra, Prusia, Britain, Nethelans, Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Naples, Portugal, Spain te in France kumpi huh ngeingai uh hi.

April 6, 1793 in Committee of Public Safety a kici mipi kembit General Defence committee cih phuan uh a, June 24, 1793 in New Constitution khat pulak khia uh hi.

August 12, 1793 in France galkap ding lakna revolution in kumpi thak te in nei uh a, mi tampi kipia ziahziah uh hi.

September 17, 1793 in French National Conventioin in Terror a ki ci “Law of Suspects” cih thukhun khat bawl uh a, French revolution hun sung a mihoihlo te thu vaihawmna ahi hi. France kumpi Louis XVI sep sung a revolution hun sungin mi 500000 val in bawlsiatna thuak a, mi 300000 kithat lum dinghi,ci in Albert Mathiez in ciamteh hi. Victims estimate khat leh khat kibang lo hi. Revolution mipi te in Paris khuapi sungah a thah bekbek uh zong mi 5000 pha dingin kigen hi.

October 16, 1793 sun 12:15 in French queen Marie Antoinette (kum 37) pen guillotine tawh a ngawngtan uh hi. Marie Antoinettee pa pen Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor hi a, a nu pen Maria Theresa ahi hi.

October 31, 1793 a kipanin kumpi uliante leh makaite abanban in thu kikhen a, 1794 kum July kha dongin ngawngtanna guillotine tawh mi 170000 ngawng kitan hi. Guillotine tawh ngawng a tan uh ah a naupang pen Mary Anne Josephine Douay (kum 14) ahi hi.

Ngawntanna Guillotine

Ngawntan na guillotine tawh Adoft Hitler in zong mi tampi ngawng tan sak hi. 1792 a ngawngtanna guillotine nickname te pen the widow, the barber, the national razor te ahi hi.

Ngawngtanna guillotine pen a sanna 4.5 metres (15 ft) hi a, a tem (blade) gihna 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) a hi hi.

Guillotine zat ding vai pen National Assembly ah 10 October 1789 in physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin in capital punishment a zat dingin a pulak ahi hi.

Revulotion bawl mipi te in kumpi a sep hangin France gam hoih thei tuanlo a, Napoleon in Frace kumpi hong sep ciangin gam sung hoihzo pah hi.

Napoleon tangthu

Napoleon Bonaparte pen August 15,1769 inn Corsica Mediterranean tuikulh a Ajaccio khua ah suak hi. A pianna suak khua pen Italy gam hi napi in a suah ma deuh in France in la ahih manin France ukna nuai ah om a, Napoleon in zong France lai sin a, 1785 kumin French military academy zo hi. Tua zawh a sawtlo in French revolutuon kipan a, France gam buai mahmah hi.

French recolution kipat tung lamin a nasepna pan leave la a, a khua uh Corsica in ciah a, revulotuion vai kin khol lo uh hi. Corsica khua ah democracy political group “Jacobins” a kici ah lut a, nationalist Corsican governor, Pasquale Paoli tawh kitelkhial a, France gam laizang lamah pem a, France galkap lut hi.

France ah revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre sanggam pa Augustin Robespierre (1763-1794) tawh kithei a, amah tawh Napoleon in nasem khawm hi. Amau pen revolution deihlo kumpi lamte hi uh a,  a sawt lo in Napoleon in brigadier general ah ngah in a zakhang hi. July 1794 in a lawmpa Augustin Robespierre te pawl man uh a, guillotine tawh a lutan sak uh hi. Napoleon zong kiman a, a lutan saklo bilbel uh hi. Napoleon in 1795 kumin France Revolutionary Government te lamah om in major general ngah in a zakhan uh hi.

France kumpipa Louis XVI gum in Europe gam tuamtuam te in French revolution mipi te dopih uh a, 1792 kumpan France’s revolutionary government do huan den uh hi.

Napoleon in France galkalte makaih a, 1796 kumin The Battle of Italy ah Austria galkap te zo hi. October 17, 1797 in Austria tawh “The Treaty of Campo” cih kilemna bawl uh a, France in Austria gam khenkhat ngah hi. July 1, 1798 a kipanin England leh India te kizopna sumbawlna munpi do a, Battle of the Pyramids” ki ci a, Napoleon in British galkapte zo hi.

1799 kumin Syria sim leuleu hi. Syria a sim laitak in France politics hoihlo a, kumpi sungah buaina piang leuleu hi. Tua ciangin Napoleon in Syria a sim khawl san in France ah ciah hi.

Napoleon in France kumpi deihlo ‘the coup of 18 Brumaire’ te tawh kipawl a, French Directory-5 te November 9, 1799 in zo a, Consulate member-3 te in France gam vaihawm uh hi. Consulate khat pen Napoleon Bonaparte hi a, French gam thunei pen te lakah kihel ta hi.

14 June 1800 in Napoleon in “Battle of Morengo” ki ci Italy gam ah Austria galkapte tawh kido a, Italy gam panin Austria galkapte nawtkhia hi. 18 May 1804-22 June 1815 sung Napoleon Bonaparte pen France kumpi suak hi.

1803 kumin Napoleon in France Territory Louisiana 530,000,000 acre pen USA President Thomas Jefferson kiangah $15 million in zuak a, USA State hi ta hi.

2 December 1805 in Austerlitz,  Moravia,  Austria ah ‘the Battle of Austerlitz’ cih gal kidona Austria leh Russia galkap te zo ahih manin Holy Roman Empire bei lawh a, Confederation of the Rhine cih gamkhat piang hi.

French revolution nasia lua ahih manin French mi tampi tak; Britain, Germany, Austria, Prussia leh United States gamte ah galtai uh hi. French revolution hangin thuhoih tampi piang a, Politics, mipi nuntakna, biakna, gam thukhun, tax, economy, civil leh penal law, Catholic leh Protestant kiten theih na, education leh public work, mipiiangko kikimna, Roman Empire a beina, mihing khat in  ama a hih bangin a pulak theihna (Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen), American politics-a “Democratic Societies” hong piankhiatna leh Thomas Jefferson gelkhiat, “Democrats” cih tu dong kizang te pen revolution hang in hong piangkhia a hi hi.

Revolution a nasia mahmah ciangin Spain te in French Revolution te thapiakna in “liberal” cih zang uh a, Latin America ah “Liberalism” ci in French revolution te gen na in zang uh hi.

1798 kumin Napoleon in Ottoman Empire te sim a, Arab mite in minam itna neihna in zang a, “nationalism” thupi sak mahmah uh hi.

French Revolution in France gam tawh kinai te nakpi takin phawngin nationalism khanlawhna te nei uh hi. Ki ukna dingin hoih a sak mahmah uh liberalism sangin a hoih zaw “Feudalism” mukhia zel uh a, ki ukna hoihzaw mipi in thei semsem ta uh hi.

France pen a unitary semi-presidential  republic cih tawh ki makaih a, legislature nih upper house (senate parliament) leh lower house (national assembly parliament) nei hi.
France gam mi om zah 2021 estimate pen 67,413,000 a hi hi.

Veto Power

26 June 1946 in France gam pen vero power nei khat in ki ciamteh hi. United Nations Security Council “Veto power” nei gam 5 bek hi a, tua te in; China,  France,  Russia, United Kingdom leh United States America te a hi hi.

1.  Chinese Revolution
(Oct 10, 1911 – Feb 12, 1912)

2. French Revolution
(May 5, 1789 – Nov 9, 1799)

3. Russian Revolution
(Mar 8, 1917 – Jun 16, 1923)

4. United Kingdom Industrial Revolution (1760 to 1820 and 1840)

5. American Revolution9
(Apr 19, 1775 – Sep 3, 1783)

@NK. Nang

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A theihuai thupawl khat, Cidamna lam tawh ki sai, Cidamna tawh kisai, Kangno leh Hanciamna, Laisim in na gualzo ding hi., Leitung thei huai thu tuamtuam, Lungsim thalakna, Tangthu tuamtuam, Time of Zomi Laibusaal, Zogam Tangthu

Mihing khat Cidamna ding athupi mahmah khat :
Mihing khat nuntakna sungah cidam khansau takin anuntak theina dingin aki sam mahmah thu khat in alungsim Adam ding ahihi.
Tua ahih manin mi thahat tampi, mipil tampi, mi minthang te leh mi hau tampi damlona apia den thu khat in lungsim damlo na pan ki pan khia ahihi.

* LSTho in agen Jesu Kammal mahmah i lungngaih ciangin thu thuk mahmah khat ahi Matthew sungah Vangik pua a gim mi khempeuh aw ka kiangah hong pai un lungsim tawldamna kong pia ding hi ci in Jesu in na gen hi. Hih thu ah I tel pak ding thukhat in pumpi cilesa gimna sangin lungsim gimna in mihing nuntakna lawhsam sak ahih na leh mihing nuntakna sia sak ahihna ki tel mahmah hi.

Lungsim damlo na hangin leitungah nuntakna abei lawh mi tampi om ahih manin siatna sungah i omlo ding Jesu in hong dal nuam gige ahihna ki tel mahmah hi.

Mangkang gam ah papi khat hau mahmah in ahi zongin khat vei alo kho na sem te khat kiangah va hawh a, bang mah neilo ahihna tel na pin lungnuam takin aom na amuh ciang lamdang sa mahmah a, sun Nisa nuai ah khua ul ziat leh vei ah kaai in na sem cin a nitak ciang lungnuam takin na omzawhna lamdang kasa hi. Kei ka hauhna leh ka Pilna sangpi tak hi a, ahi zongin Nisim lunggim den ingh ci in hong gen hi. Tua lokho na sempapi pa in bang ci hiam cih leh ka din mun leh ka hihna en in lungnuam ding hi leng lungnopna ka nei kei ding hi. Ahi zongin Pu aw ka lungsim Vangik tampi te kei puak zawh ding hilo hi. Ken ka dinmun leh ka hihna te ki thei mawh bawlin Jesu tawh hunla den ing tua in ka lungnopna leh ka cidamna bulpi ahihi ci in hong dawng hi.

Tuni in na kiim na kiangah thute en in na hihna lung ngai in na omom leh lungnopna taktak na nei kei ing a, ahi zongin Jesu mitsuan in kalsuan inla, Jesu tawh hunla den le teh na nuntakna sungah lungnopna hong suak ding a, tua lungnopna in lungsim damna hong piangsak ding a, tua lungsim damna in na pumpi taksa damna zong hong suak ding hi.

Lungsim damna dingin Leitung mipil ten agen thu tampi zong om kha mah ding hi. Tuate semlo bawllo ding i hi Tuan kei a, ahi zongin Jesu tawh hunla in kikholhna I hun I vai amah I ap denna pen bang mah dang tawh teh theilo Lungsim damna Zatui hoih pen ahihi.

Na nuntakna dingin na Lungkhamna, na inn kuan adingin na lunghimawhna, na mailam nuntakna ding khempeuh Topa khut sungah ap in, lungkimna leh lungnopna in hong zui peuh leh tua in na sep na bawl na dinmun ah zong Lungkim zawhna taktak hong piang ding hi.

Lungdam:
Laigelh : Theophilus Khual (Nov. 15/2024)

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